History First Peoples. The final collapse of the Tunisian beylik came during the reign of Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq (1859–82). In the country’s most southerly regions, within the Sahara, even these seasonal streams are rare. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Tunisie, officially Republic of Tunisia, republic (2015 est. Amounts are also highly irregular from one year to another, and irregularity increases southward toward the desert. Although the story is certainly apocryphal, Carthage nonetheless grew into one of the great cities and preeminent powers of antiquity, and its colonies and entrepôts were scattered throughout the western Mediterranean region. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. March 20, 1956, is Independence Day, when Tunisia gained its independence fromFrance. Land. Generally, from mid-autumn to mid-spring, when three-fourths of the annual total occurs, northern Tunisia receives more than 16 inches of rainfall, and the steppe region receives from 4 to 16 inches (100 to 400 mm). Recovered for Spain in 1535, Tunisia is finally brought under Ottoman control in 1574. Ruins of the ancient baths at Carthage, Tunisia. Travel. (Page of tag Tunisia) Popular pages. Tunisia’s security was directly threatened in 1835, when the Ottoman Empire deposed the ruling dynasty in Libya and reestablished direct Ottoman rule. The humid coastal plain in the east, running between the Gulf of Hammamet and the Gulf of Gabes, where Tunisia’s thriving olive plantations are found, is the most agriculturally productive of these coarse-textured soil areas. His reforms negatively affected the already stagnant economy, which led to greater debt, higher taxes, and increased unrest in the countryside. A single major city, Tunis, dominated the countryside both politically and culturally. He did, in 1861, proclaim the first constitution (dustūr; also destour) in the Arabic-speaking world, but this step toward representative government was cut short by runaway debt, a problem exacerbated by the government’s practice of securing loans from European bankers at exorbitant rates. List of beys of Tunis. To the south of the Tunisian Dorsale lies a hilly region known as the Haute Steppe (High Steppes) in the west and the Basse Steppe (Low Steppes) in the east. Tunisia is bounded by Algeria to the west and southwest, by Libya to the southeast, and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east and north. The following discussion offers a brief summary of Tunisia’s early history but mainly focuses on Tunisia since about 1800. However, enemies from within and European intrigues from without conspired to force him from office. At night, each locked himself in his room, but in the morning, life was always communal. Slowly this city became stronger. Agricultural communities in the humid coastal plains of central Tunisia then were ancestors of today's Berber tribes. It can be argued that Tunisia’s location is strategic because … Tunisia’s geographic and historical legacy helped prepare it for the shocks it received in the 19th century as a land caught between an expanding Europe and a declining Ottoman Empire. By about 8,000 BC human beings lived in what is now Tunisia by hunting and gathering. The following discussion offers a brief summary of Tunisia’s early history but mainly focuses on Tunisia since about 1800. Aside from these and from the plains of the Haute Steppe region, where some clay soils of medium fertility may be found, soils in the rest of the country tend to be rocky or sandy. Between the limestone peaks of the central Tunisian Dorsale and the mountains of the Northern Tell—which include the sandstone ridges of the Kroumirie Mountains in the northwest that reach elevations of 3,000 feet (900 metres)—and the Mogods, a mountain range running along the deeply indented coastline to the north, lies the Majardah (Medjerda) River valley, formed by a series of ancient lake basins covered with alluvium. More easily controlled from within than any other Maghrib country, Tunisia was also more open to the influence of people and ideas from abroad. Carthage fought a series of wars with its rival, Rome. During the 1990s the government sponsored the construction of a number of dams to control flooding, preserve runoff, and recharge the water table. (For a discussion of political changes in Tunisia in 2011, see Jasmine Revolution.). When the principal minister, Muṣṭafā Khaznadār (who had served from the earliest days of Aḥmad Bey’s reign), attempted to squeeze more taxes out of the hard-pressed peasants, the countryside rose in a revolt (1864). Tunisia’s most fertile soils are found in the well-watered intermontane valleys in the north, where rich sandy clay soils formed from alluvium or soils high in lime content cover the valley bottoms and plains. Stone-age to the modern age in two and a half minutes? Culture of Tunisia - Wikipedia In 1956, … Kenneth Perkins's new edition of A History of Modern Tunisia carries the history of this country from 2004 to the present, with particular emphasis on the Tunisian revolution of 2011 - the first critical event of … Friday, January 14, 2011, became a new date and a specialchapter in the periodization of the history of Tunisia since independence,just like March 20, 1956 (Independence Day), or April 9, 1938.¹ This key1. According to Greek legend, Dido, a princess of Tyre, was the first outsider to settle among the native tribes of what is now Tunisia when she founded the city of Carthage in the 9th century bce. Aḥmad abolished slavery and took other modernizing steps intended to bring Tunisia more in line with Europe, but he also exposed his country to Europe’s infinitely greater economic and political power. The emerging Roman Empire was not happy with these events, and 128 years of Punic Wars ensued. Drainage. One name looms above all in Tunisia's history: Carthage. 278,252 Pages. Kenneth Perkins' book traces the history of Tunisia from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. The variation in climate leads to the great diversity of ecoregions in Tunisia. Temperatures at Sousse average 44 °F (7 °C) in January and 89 °F (32 °C) in August. List View List. Tunisia. Add to Wishlist. As a result, some 200,000 Spanish Muslims settled in the area of Tunis, in the Majardah valley, and on the Sharīk Peninsula in the north, bringing with them their urban culture and more advanced agricultural and irrigation techniques. Tunisia is one of the … Add new page. 11,274,000), 63,378 sq mi (164,150 sq km), NW Africa. Tunis itself was located near the site of the ancient city-state of Carthage. But before reaching this square of pure blue sky, it received, from a multitude of windows, all the smoke, the smells, and the gossip of our neighbours. The area was ruled by a succession of Islamic dynasties and empires until coming under French colonial rule in the late 19th century. Finally, from the 16th to the 19th century, the Ottomans brought their own blend of Asian and European traditions. After the death of Muḥammad al-Ṣādiq, his successor, ʿAlī, was forced to introduce administrative, judicial, and financial reforms that the French government considered useful. History. Now a well-heeled northern suburb... Roman Rebirth. See if your geographic knowledge points north or south in this journey through Africa. Beach at Al-Marsā, on the Gulf of Tunis, northeastern Tunisia. After about 5,000 BC they began farming although they still used stone tools. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. This provoked an uprising in southern Tunisia during which France attacked and captured Sousse in July 1881, took Kairouan in October, and seized Gafsa and Gabès in November. The major drainage feature of the north is the Majardah River, the country’s only perennially flowing stream, which cuts the Majardah valley before emptying into the Gulf of Tunis, near the site of ancient Carthage. Travel Destinations. Although the Arabs initially unified North Africa, by 1230 a separate Tunisian dynasty had been established by the Ḥafṣids. Book Description. QUICK ADD. From the Phoenicians to the French, we've got, (nearly) all of them nailed. Conscription was also introduced, to the great dismay of the peasantry. In 1830, at the time of the French invasion of Algiers, Tunisia was officially a province of the Ottoman Empire but in reality was an autonomous state. More acceptable were Aḥmad’s steps to integrate Arabic-speaking native Tunisians fully into the government, which had long been dominated by mamlūks (military slaves) and Turks. During the 8th and 9th centuries BC, the Phoenicians became the first of the many civilizations to leave their mark on Tunisia. That name, in turn, comes from the Roman word for Africa and the name also given by the Romans to their first African colony following the Punic Wars against the Carthaginians in 264–146 bce. The Phoenicians' expanding regional power brought them to the attention of the Ancient Greeks, and late… Eugene Roe; Project maintenance. Because the principal military threat had long come from neighbouring Algeria, the reigning bey of Tunisia, Ḥusayn, cautiously went along with assurances from the French that they had no intention of colonizing Tunisia. Followers of Generals de Gaulle and Giraud were still unable to unite in a common cause. Thereafter, the vulnerable beylik of Tunis found itself surrounded by two larger powers—France and the Ottoman Empire—both of which had designs on Tunisia. With the help of Western advisers (mainly French), he created a modern army and navy and related industries. Roman Africa, for example, was the most intensively Christianized portion of North Africa, and Ifrīqiyyah was later more quickly and more thoroughly Islamicized. The app cover whole Tunisia history from Mesolithic era to Parliamentary system. This book examines the history of Tunisia from the mid-nineteenth century to the present with an emphasis on political, social, economic and cultural developments. About 480 BC the Phoenicians founded Carthage. Tunisia became a French protectorate in 1881 and remained under French rule until March 1956 when it gained independence, followed by the promulgation of a new constitution on 1 June 1959. . The fighting in Tunisia underlined both the strengths and weaknesses of the Western Alliance and the United States Army. Aḥmad Bey, who ruled from 1837 to 1855, was an avowed modernizer and reformer. For a more detailed treatment of earlier periods and of the country in its regional context, see North Africa. In the 7th century Arab conquerors converted the native Berber (Amazigh) population of North Africa to Islam. The Tunisian Dorsale, or High Tell, a southwest-northeast–trending mountain range that is an extension of the Saharan Atlas (Atlas Saharien) of Algeria, tapers off in the direction of the Sharīk (Cape Bon) Peninsula in the northeast, south of the Gulf of Tunis. Tunisia, country of North Africa. Updates? Relief. The Romans ruled and settled in North Africa until the 5th century, when the Roman Empire fell and... From Arab Center to French Protectorate. Though Tunisia went bankrupt in 1869 and an international financial commission—with British, French, and Italian representatives—was imposed on the country, there was one last attempt to reform Tunisia from within and thus avoid complete European domination. Grid View Grid. These have elevations ranging from about 600 to 1,500 feet (180 to 460 metres) and are crossed by secondary ranges trending north-south. Founded by the Arabs in the year 670, Kairouan in Arabic means ‘military camp’. It was the Phoenicians that first founded Tunisia’s most famous city of Carthage, which would eventually rival Rome as the most dominant city on the Mediterranean Sea. Large plains border the eastern coasts; south of Sousse lies Al-Sāḥil (Sahel) and south of Gabès is Al-Jifārah (Gefara) Plain. Ḥusayn Bey even accepted the idea that Tunisian princes would rule the cities of Constantine and Oran. The climate can be divided into two major areas, the north, influenced by the Mediterranean, and the south, influenced by the Saharan desert. In time the Carthaginians built an empire in the Mediterranean. Soils. The precipitation also greatly varies, as the north receives significantly more rainfall than the south. Piracy remains the chief purpose and main source of income of all these Turkish settlements along the Barbary coast. The first Punic War between Carthage an… Ancient Origins articles related to Tunisia in the sections of history, archaeology, human origins, unexplained, artifacts, ancient places and myths and legends. Most visited articles. Tunisia is briefly taken in 1534 by the most famous corsair of them all, Khair ed-Din (known to the Europeans as Barbarossa).

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